Introduction to Second Language Acquisition - Mini test 1 (2026–2027)
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Câu 1. A pseudolongitudinal study is one in which researchers
- A. ask learners to describe in interviews how their language has developed since they were children
- B. collect data from the same learner at regular intervals over several years to trace development
- C. re-analyze the data from an earlier study using a different and more powerful statistical method
- D. collect data at one time from learners at several proficiency levels in order to infer development
Câu 2. Vietnamese students learning English at a university in Ho Chi Minh City are, in the terminology of Gass et al. (2020), an example of
- A. foreign language learning, because the language is learned in the environment of the learners' native language
- B. first language acquisition, because the learners started English as young children
- C. second language learning, because English is learned where it is widely used by many people around the learners
- D. interlanguage fossilization, because the learners have limited access to native speakers
Câu 3. Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 Cs in the World-Readiness Standards for Learning Languages?
- A. Comparisons
- B. Connections
- C. Corrections
- D. Communities
Câu 4. In Henshaw and Hawkins' (2022) view, the main role of output is to
- A. help learners get better at accessing the system they have built (skill development)
- B. replace input once learners have reached an intermediate level of proficiency
- C. let teachers check whether a grammar rule has been fully acquired after only one lesson on it
- D. build the linguistic system in exactly the same way that input does
Câu 5. According to Gass et al. (2020), the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) studies, among other things,
- A. how professional translators move meaning from one language into another
- B. how teachers should design textbooks and lesson plans for foreign language classes
- C. how a language changes historically from one generation of its native speakers to the next generation
- D. how learners create a new language system with only limited exposure to a second language
Câu 6. VanPatten (2017) defines communication as
- A. the expression, interpretation, and negotiation of meaning with a purpose in a given context
- B. the transfer of vocabulary and grammar knowledge from the teacher to the learners in a classroom
- C. the accurate production of grammatical sentences in spoken and written form in any given context
- D. the exchange of memorized dialogues between two or more speakers for the purpose of practice
Câu 7. Fossilization in SLA generally refers to
- A. the temporary use of memorized chunks before a learner understands the underlying rules
- B. a deviant form becoming permanently established in the IL despite more TL exposure
- C. the gradual loss of the first language after a learner has lived abroad for many years
- D. the rapid improvement in accuracy that follows a period of intensive grammar instruction
Câu 8. In the interpretive mode of communication, the role of students is to
- A. convey meaningful information for a given purpose to a particular audience
- B. interact with an interlocutor in order to exchange meaningful information, but in real time only
- C. understand, analyze and interpret meaningful content (written, aural, visual or graphic)
- D. memorize model texts so that they can reproduce them accurately
Câu 9. Which of the following is a SIMILARITY between L1 and L2+ acquisition?
- A. Both are strongly affected by individual differences such as the learner's motivation, aptitude and identity
- B. Both show U-shaped development and developmental errors such as "foots" instead of "feet"
- C. Both involve transfer errors that come from another language system already in the learner's mind
- D. Both are equally unsuccessful when exposure to the language begins only after the age of 12
Câu 10. A meta-analysis is best described as
- A. a systematic procedure for quantitatively synthesizing findings across studies ("an average of averages")
- B. a narrative review in which an expert summarizes the most famous and widely cited studies in a field
- C. a detailed qualitative case study describing one learner's development over a long period of time
- D. a repetition of an earlier study with new participants in order to check whether its results still hold
Câu 11. The sentence "That bachelor is married" is grammatically well formed but sounds meaningless. This shows that
- A. pragmatics determines whether a sentence follows the word-order rules of English
- B. semantics (meaning) does not necessarily correspond to grammaticality
- C. phonology decides which sentences are possible in a language
- D. morphology controls how words are combined into sentences
Câu 12. Discourse completion questionnaires are most commonly used to collect data on
- A. reading speed, such as how long learners take to read each word
- B. pragmatics, such as how learners apologize, refuse, request or compliment
- C. pronunciation, such as how learners produce difficult vowel sounds
- D. vocabulary size, such as how many English words learners can recognize on a list
Câu 13. A T-unit, used as a measure of syntactic development, is defined as
- A. a short utterance such as "yes" or "uh-huh" that keeps a conversation going
- B. the average number of morphemes per utterance, as used in child language research
- C. a dependent clause on its own, such as "although he was tired", without a main clause
- D. an independent clause and any dependent clauses attached to or embedded within it
Câu 14. Which term refers to the first language a child learns, also known as the mother tongue or the L1?
- A. Foreign language (FL)
- B. Interlanguage (IL)
- C. Native language (NL)
- D. Target language (TL)
Câu 15. Longitudinal studies in SLA typically
- A. collect data from one or a few learners over a prolonged period of time
- B. compare the results of many previous studies statistically
- C. collect data from a large number of learners at a single point in time
- D. measure brain activity while learners read sentences on a screen
Câu 16. In an elicited imitation task, participants
- A. read a sentence and judge whether it is grammatical
- B. describe a picture so that a partner can draw it
- C. hear a sentence and are asked to repeat it exactly
- D. write what they would say in a described social situation
Câu 17. A cross-sectional study generally
- A. relies mainly on spontaneous speech data and a detailed narrative description of each learner
- B. follows a single learner weekly or monthly for one or two years
- C. gathers data from a large number of participants at a single point in time
- D. uses only existing learner corpora instead of collecting new data
Câu 18. According to Henshaw and Hawkins (2022), what builds the learner's linguistic system?
- A. Input
- B. Learning grammar rules explicitly
- C. Repetition and imitation drills
- D. Output
Câu 19. In SLA terminology, the target language (TL) is
- A. the learner's own developing language system
- B. the language being learned
- C. the learner's mother tongue
- D. the language the teacher uses to explain grammar rules
Câu 20. What does interpersonal communication have at its core, whether it is written, oral, synchronous or asynchronous?
- A. Face-to-face conversation in real time
- B. A large audience that receives the message
- C. A fully prepared and rehearsed script
- D. An information gap between interlocutors
Câu 21. Henshaw and Hawkins (2022) define language acquisition as
- A. the conscious process of learning the grammar rules of a language and then applying them in speaking and writing
- B. the (mostly) implicit process of building a linguistic system by making form-meaning connections from the input
- C. the development of the ability to talk fluently in the target language through a great deal of repeated practice
- D. the mastery of the four skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing through explicit classroom instruction
Câu 22. SLA is described as an interdisciplinary field because it
- A. draws from and contributes to areas such as linguistics, psychology, sociology and education
- B. is a branch of language pedagogy that focuses only on classroom teaching methods and materials
- C. relies on a single research method borrowed from child language acquisition
- D. studies only the grammar of the target language without reference to other fields
Câu 23. In the word "unlikely", the prefix "un-" is an example of
- A. a bound morpheme, because it can never be a word by itself
- B. a free morpheme, because it carries a negative meaning on its own
- C. a phoneme, because it is the smallest unit of sound in the word
- D. a lexical item, because it can be used independently in a sentence
Câu 24. The basic assumption in SLA research is that learners create a language system known as an interlanguage (IL). This system
- A. is random and changes completely from one utterance to the next
- B. is an exact copy of the target language that the learner has memorized
- C. is a direct, word-for-word translation of the learner's native language into the target language
- D. contains elements from the NL and the TL, as well as elements that come from neither
Câu 25. What is the main difference between a think-aloud and a stimulated recall?
- A. A think-aloud is done after the task is finished; a stimulated recall is done while the learner is still performing the task
- B. A think-aloud requires a recording; a stimulated recall does not use any recording
- C. A think-aloud is done during the task; a stimulated recall is done after the task with a stimulus such as a video
- D. A think-aloud is used for oral tasks; a stimulated recall is used only for reading tasks
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