Kinh tế học - Kiến thức cơ bản về kinh tế vi mô và vĩ mô
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Câu 1. The central economic problem of ______ exists because resources are limited while human wants are unlimited.
- A. Scarcity
- B. Inflation
- C. Equilibrium
- D. Stagnation
Câu 2. When a company decides to spend $100,000 on new laptops rather than upgrading its office furniture, the forgone benefit of the office furniture represents the ______.
- A. Marginal expense
- B. Opportunity cost
- C. Fiscal liability
- D. Retained earnings
Câu 3. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is best defined as ______.
- A. The total value of national exports minus imports
- B. The average disposable income per household in a year
- C. The total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period
- D. The sum of all tax revenues collected by the federal government
Câu 4. A sustained and widespread increase in the overall price level of goods and services is called ______.
- A. Deflation
- B. Stagnation
- C. Recession
- D. Inflation
Câu 5. In economic theory, which of the following is classified under the "land" factor of production?
- A. Crude oil reserves and natural mineral deposits
- B. Factory assembly line equipment
- C. Skilled software engineers
- D. Corporate treasury bonds
Câu 6. Fiscal policy refers to government actions that influence the economy through changes in ______.
- A. Interest rates and money supply
- B. Taxation rates and public spending
- C. Foreign currency exchange rates
- D. Minimum wage laws only
Câu 7. In the simple circular flow model, households provide factors of production to firms and receive ______ in exchange.
- A. Consumption expenditure
- B. Finished consumer goods
- C. Income in the form of wages, rent, interest, and profit
- D. Tariff subsidies
Câu 8. Microeconomics focuses primarily on the study of ______.
- A. Aggregate national output and unemployment rates
- B. Global trade imbalances between nations
- C. Monetary policy set by central banks
- D. Economic decision-making by individual consumers and firms
Câu 9. Market equilibrium is established when ______.
- A. Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a given price
- B. Market demand significantly exceeds market supply
- C. The government sets a fixed legal maximum price
- D. Producers completely liquidate their inventories
Câu 10. In an open circular flow model, the sector that handles international trading transactions is the ______.
- A. Financial sector
- B. Overseas (foreign) sector
- C. Government sector
- D. Manufacturing sector
Câu 11. Which of the following elements acts as a "leakage" (outflow) from the circular flow of income?
- A. Business investment
- B. Government spending
- C. Household savings
- D. Export revenue
Câu 12. Which of the following represents an "injection" (inflow) into the circular flow of income?
- A. Personal taxes
- B. Import spending
- C. Household savings
- D. Investment spending
Câu 13. Monetary policy is primarily controlled and executed by ______.
- A. The central bank
- B. Commercial retail banks
- C. The Ministry of Commerce
- D. International trade associations
Câu 14. The growing global integration of markets, capital flows, technologies, and labor across international borders is termed ______.
- A. Protectionism
- B. Globalization
- C. Centralization
- D. Nationalization
Câu 15. A situation in which the price level drops persistently across the economy is referred to as ______.
- A. Stagnation
- B. Hyperinflation
- C. Deflation
- D. Indexation
Câu 16. The four fundamental factors of production in economics are ______.
- A. Money, property, stocks, and bonds
- B. Raw materials, factories, managers, and consumers
- C. Taxes, tariffs, subsidies, and interest rates
- D. Land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship
Câu 17. The supply curve in a standard microeconomic market generally slopes upwards because ______.
- A. Higher prices incentivize suppliers to produce and sell more units
- B. Consumers demand more items when prices rise
- C. Production costs automatically drop as output increases
- D. Taxes increase with lower volume
Câu 18. Macroeconomics is concerned with economic phenomena such as ______.
- A. Price determination for a single firm's product
- B. National unemployment rates, total output, and economic growth
- C. Individual consumer purchasing choices
- D. Cost structures of local retail stores
Câu 19. In a market economy, allocation of resources is primarily determined by ______.
- A. Central planning agencies
- B. Non-profit regulatory boards
- C. Price signals resulting from demand and supply interactions
- D. International trade treaties
Câu 20. When total leakages (S + T + M) equal total injections (I + G + X), an open economy is said to be in ______.
- A. Trade deficit
- B. Fiscal surplus
- C. Stagnation
- D. Macroeconomic equilibrium
