READING 20
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Câu 1. The discoveries of the white dwarf, the neutron star, and the black hole, coming well after the discovery of the red giant are among the most exciting developments in decades because they may be well present physicists with their greatest challenge since thefailure of classical mechanics. In the life cycle of the star, after all of the hydrogen and helium fuel has been burned, the delicate balance between the outer nuclear radiation, pressure and the stable gravitational force becomes disturbed and slow contraction begins. As compression increases, a very dense plasma forms. If the initial sta...
- A. The white dwarf
- B. The neutron star
- C. The black hole
- D. The red giant
Câu 2. What does the word “they” in paragraph 1 refer to?
- A. The white dwarf
- B. The white dwarf and the neutron star
- C. The white dwarf, the neutron star and the black hole
- D. The white dwarf, the neutron star, the black hole and the red giant
Câu 3. The author asserts that the discoveries of the white dwarf, the neutron star, and the black hole are significant because these discoveries
- A. demonstrate the probability of infinite density and infinitely small dimensions
- B. pose the most comprehensive and fundamental problem faced by physicists in decades
- C. clarify the paradox suggested by the collapse of electrons into atomic nuclei.
- D. establish the relationship between the mass and gravitational pressure.
Câu 4. What happens when compression increases?
- A. The hydrogen and helium fuel has been burned
- B. The stable gravitational force becomes disturbed
- C. very dense plasma forms
- D. The process ceases at the density of 1,000 tons per cubic inch
Câu 5. According to the passage, an imbalance arises between nuclear radiation pressure and gravitational force in stars because ____________.
- A. the density of a star increases as it ages
- B. radiation pressure increases as a star increases in mass
- C. radiation pressure decreases when a star’s fuel has been consumed
- D. the collapse of a star increases its gravitational force.
Câu 6. According to the passage, in the final stages of its development, our own sun is likely to take the form of a _____________.
- A. white dwarf
- B. neutron star
- C. red giant
- D. black hole
Câu 7. The phrase “at this point” in the passage refers to ______________.
- A. the white dwarf plasma can’t resist the gravitations pressures.
- B. all nuclear of the star are converted to a gas of free neutrons.
- C. a density of 10 tons per cubic inch is reached.
- D. the strong nuclear force resists further contraction.
Câu 8. The word “massive” in the passage is closest in meaning to __________.
- A. Concrete
- B. Numerous
- C. Limited
- D. Popular
Câu 9. The author introduces the discussion of the paradox concerning atomic structures in order to __________.
- A. show why it was necessary to develop quantum mechanics.
- B. compare the structure of an atom with the structure of star.
- C. demonstrate by analogy that a vital insight in astrophysics is missing.
- D. illustrate the contention that improbable things do happen in astrophysics.
Câu 10. The primary purpose of the passage is to ____________.
- A. offer new explanations for the collapse of stars.
- B. explain the origins of black holes, neutron stars, and white dwarfs.
- C. compare the structure of atoms with the structure of the solar system.
- D. explain how the collapse of stars challenges accepted theories of physics.
Câu 11. The earliest evidence for life on Earth comes from fossilized mats of cyanobacteria called stromatolites in Australia that are about 3.4 billion years old. Ancient as their origins are, these bacteria, which are still around today, are already biologically complex—they have cell walls protecting their protein-producing DNA, so scientists think life must have begun much earlier, perhaps as early as 3.8 billion years ago. But despite knowing approximately when life first appeared on Earth, scientists are still far from answering how it appeared. Today, there are several competing theories for h...
- A. mats
- B. origins
- C. bacteria
- D. DNA
Câu 12. According to the passage, what is RNA?
- A. A protein
- B. A molecule
- C. A nucleotide
- D. A cell
Câu 13. The phrase ‘took a backseat’ is closest in meaning to
- A. enjoyed more dominance
- B. turned to be useless
- C. stepped back to its place
- D. became less important
Câu 14. According to the passage, what is NOT true about RNA?
- A. It is the crux of a widely accepted theory on the origin of life.
- B. It is believed to be most important for early life.
- C. Like DNA, it executes many duties in human cells.
- D. There is still disagreement over how RNA first appeared.
Câu 15. What does Robert Shapiro mean when he says, ‘To adopt this, you have to believe we were incredibly lucky’?
- A. Supporters of RNA world hypothesis must think that humans were extremely blessed.
- B. Humans were incredibly lucky because the RNA was the first form of life on Earth.
- C. He believes it is near impossible that RNA accidentally arose on Earth.
- D. Humans were unlucky because the RNA world hypothesis is highly improbable.
Câu 16. Which of the following statements would Dawkins most probably support?
- A. As there are a countless number of planets, it is surprising that life arose on Earth only.
- B. Life may exist on planets other than Earth and in universes other than ours.
- C. There are many universes like ours, which contain an incredible number of planets.
- D. Given the colossal number of planets, the appearance of life on one of them was not unusual.
Câu 17. According to the passage, which is most likely supported by Robert Shapiro?
- A. Life on Earth first came from outer space.
- B. It is highly possible that DNA was present in earliest stages of life.
- C. Earliest life might not have arisen in the form of complex molecules.
- D. Life has arisen more than once on Earth.
Câu 18. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a hypothesis of life origin?
- A. Life was formed elsewhere and then came to Earth.
- B. Life was brought to Earth with crashing comets.
- C. RNA played a central role in the early form of life.
- D. DNA is more efficient than RNA for primitive life.
Câu 19. Which of following conclusions can be drawn from this passage?
- A. Among many hypotheses for life origin on Earth, RNA remains the most important one.
- B. Many theories of the origin of life have been proposed but no fully accepted theory exists.
- C. Trying to explain what happened billions of years ago is an extremely difficult but possible task.
- D. The answer to the question of how life appeared would have important implications for the likelihood of finding life elsewhere in the universe.
Câu 20. Which of the following best describes the organization of this passage?
- A. A general presentation followed by a detailed discussion of both sides of an issue.
- B. A list of possible answers to a question followed by a discussion of their strengths and weaknesses.
- C. A general statement of an issue followed by a discussion of possible answers.
- D. A discussion of different aspects wrapped up by an answer to the question.
Câu 21. Life originated in the early seas less than a billion years after the Earth was formed. Yet another three billion years were to pass before the first plants and animals appeared on the continents. Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life. What forms of life were able to make such a drastic change in lifestyle? The traditional view of the first terrestrial organisms is based on megafossils - relatively large specimens of essentially whole plants and animals. Vascular plants, related to modern seed plants and ferns, le...
- A. widespread
- B. radical
- C. progressive
- D. risky
Câu 22. According to the theory that the author calls "the traditional view”, what was the first form of life to appear on land?
- A. Bacteria
- B. Meat-eating animals
- C. Plant-eating animals
- D. Vascular plants
Câu 23. According to the passage, what happened about 400 million years ago?
- A. Many terrestrial life-forms died out.
- B. New life-forms on land developed at a rapid rate.
- C. The megafossils were destroyed by floods.
- D. Life began to develop in the ancient seas.
Câu 24. The word "extracted" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to __________.
- A. located
- B. preserved
- C. removed
- D. studied
Câu 25. What can be inferred from the passage about the fossils mentioned in lines 16-19?
- A. They have not been helpful in understanding the evolution of terrestrial life.
- B. They were found in approximately the same numbers as vascular plant fossils.
- C. They are older than the megafossils.
- D. They consist of modem life-forms.
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